Evaluating the Impact of ESG on Regional Development in Kazakhstan: Empirical Analysis

Abstract

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles have become increasingly vital for fostering sustainable regional development in emerging economies in recent years. This study assesses the relationship between ESG factors and regional economic performance using a panel dataset covering 18 regions from 2005 to 2023. The research used panel data econometric methods, including fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) models, to control for regional heterogeneity and estimate the impact of key ESG indicators. The Hausman test is used to determine the appropriate model specification, while regression analysis quantifies the relationships between solid and air pollutant emissions, R&D expenditure, labor force size, and regional GDP. The empirical results indicate that solid pollutant emissions have a significant adverse effect on regional GDP (FE coefficient = –17.94, RE coefficient = –18.57), while R&D expenditure (FE = 0.33, RE = 0.30) and labour force size (FE = 8.55, RE = 7.37) contribute positively and significantly to GDP growth. Regions with high R&D investment demonstrate up to 15% higher GDP growth, whereas variations in pollutant emissions account for a 20% gap in economic output. These findings suggest that regional ESG strategies require targeted policy interventions to mitigate environmental damage while fostering innovation-driven economic growth. Future research should investigate long-term causal mechanisms, sector-specific ESG influences, and qualitative governance factors to enhance regional sustainability frameworks.